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The selection of these technology fields for the 2023 Stanford Emerging Tech Review was driven by several factors: inclusion on common lists of key technologies developed by government, the private sector, and academia and think tanks, as well as discussions with science and engineering colleagues at Stanford University and other research universities. We do not claim that any one of these ten is more important than the others. Indeed, one of the perhaps unexpected aspects of this technological moment is convergence: new technologies are intersecting, overlapping, and driving each other in all sorts of ways—some obvious, some more hidden.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of computers to perform functions associated with the human brain, including perceiving, reasoning, learning, interacting, problem solving, and exercising creativity. AI promises to be a fundamental enabler of technological advancement and progress in many fields, arguably as important as electricity or the internet. AI has three core subfields; the boundaries between them are often fluid - Computer vision (CV), Machine learning (ML), and Natural language processing (NLP). There is substantial debate among AI experts about whether AI poses a long-term existential risk to humans, and whether the most important risks are also current weaknesses of AI.
Cryptography is the practice of protecting data from being altered or accessed inappropriately. It is essential for most internet activity, including messaging, e-commerce, and banking. There are two main types of cryptography: symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric cryptography requires both parties to share one secret key to encrypt and decrypt data. In practice, sharing this secret key can be difficult. This led to the development of asymmetric encryption, which uses one public key, freely available to anyone, to encrypt data and a different private key to decrypt data. Cryptography is essential for protecting information but will never be enough to secure cyberspace.